Вестник гуманитарного образования2411-2070OtherЭкзистенциальный антагонизм: противоречия в отношениях США и Ирана на современном этапеExistential Antagonism: Contradictions in US-Iran Relations at the Current StageКочегуровД. А.KochegurovD. A.d.kochegurov@iskran.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4955-033XГасановК. Н.GasanovK. N.gasanov-kn@rudn.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9338-5856Institute for the U.S. and Canadian StudiesMoscowRussiaPatrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of RussiaMoscowRussiaИнститут Соединенных Штатов Америки и Канады им. академика Г. А. Арбатова, Российская академия наукМоскваРоссияРоссийский университет дружбы народов им. Патриса ЛумумбыМоскваРоссия200820262961072004202602062026

В январе 2025 г. ВЭФ представил свой "Доклад о глобальных рисках", где одной из главных угроз был назван потенциальный вооруженный конфликт на Ближнем Востоке между США и Ираном. В феврале, вскоре после своей инаугурации, президент США Д. Трамп подписал указ о восстановлении политики максимального давления на Иран. Во время поездки на Ближний Восток в мае Д. Трамп назвал Иран самой "разрушительной силой" в регионе. Отношения еще более ухудшились после того, как иранские власти пригрозили атаковать базы США и их союзников на Ближнем Востоке, если США вмешаются в "Двенадцатидневную войну", после чего 22 июня США присоединились к конфликту, выступив на стороне Израиля и нанеся серию ракетно-бомбовых ударов по иранским объектам ядерной программы. Д. Трамп стал первым президентом США, который открыто присоединился к Израилю в нападении на противника. 28 февраля 2026 г. началась война США и Израиля с Ираном, также известная как операция "Эпическая ярость". В связи с этим авторы задаются вопросом: преодолим ли взаимный антагонизм двух государств? Проливая свет на историческую динамику непростых отношений, суть работы видим в том, чтобы проследить истоки и движущие факторы взаимного антагонизма США и Ирана. При анализе восприятия Ирана через призму стратегических документов, актов учитывается наличие антииранского консенсуса в США на уровне законодательной власти и Белого дома. Выявлены причины отсутствия сильного проиранского лобби.

In January 2025, the WEF presented its "Global Risks Report", in which a potential armed conflict in the Middle East between the USA and Iran was named as one of the main threats. In February, shortly after his inauguration, US President D. Trump signed an executive order restoring the policy of maximum pressure on Iran. During his trip to the Middle East in May, D. Trump called Iran the most "destructive force" in the region. Relations deteriorated even further after the Iranian authorities threatened to attack the bases of the USA and its allies in the Middle East if the USA intervened in the "Twelve-Day War", after which, on June 22, the USA joined the conflict on the side of Israel and delivered a series of missile and bomb strikes against Iranian nuclear-programme facilities. D. Trump became the first US president to openly join Israel in an attack on an adversary. On February 28, 2026, the war of the USA and Israel against Iran began, also known as Operation Epic Fury. In this connection, the authors ask the question: is the mutual antagonism of the two states surmountable? Shedding light on the historical dynamics of these difficult relations, the authors see the essence of the work as tracing the origins and driving factors of the mutual antagonism of the USA and Iran. In analyzing the perception of Iran through the prism of strategic documents and acts, the presence of an anti-Iranian consensus in the USA at the level of the legislative branch and of the White House is taken into account. The reasons for the absence of a strong pro-Iranian lobby are identified.

Ближний ВостокД. ТрампантагонизмИранСШАantagonismthe Middle EastD. TrumpIranthe USAВ Иране после победы Трампа заявили о фронте зла и природе Сатаны // РБК. 2024. 14 ноября. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/politics/14/11/2024/6735efb09a7947cbc2319aa2.Abdolmohammadi P., Cama G. Contemporary Domestic and Foreign Policies of Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. 268 p.Abrahamian E. A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge University Press, 2018. 268 p.Amanat A. Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press, 2017. 1008 p.An Act // Congress.gov. URL: https://www.congress.gov/118/bills/hr815/BILLS-118hr815enr.pdf.Avery P., Hambly G., Melville C. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, 2008. 1096 p.Axworthy M. A History of Iran. Basic Books, 2016. 384 p.Azizi H. Iran's Evolving Foreign Policy Structure // MECGA. 2024. June 5. URL: https://mecouncil.org/publication/irans-evolving-foreign-policy-structure-implications-on-foreign-relations/.Banai H., Byrne M., Tirman J. Republics of Myth. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2022. 432 p.Bazoobandi S. The New Regional Order in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. 154 p.Beeman W. The Great Satan vs. the Mad Mullahs. University of Chicago Press, 2008. 320 p.Bob Y., Evyatar I. Target Tehran. Simon & Schuster, 2023. 368 p.Burns W., Sullivan J. It's Time to Talk to Iran // NYT. 2019. October 14. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/opinion/iran-nuclear-deal.html.Byrne M., Byrne K. Worlds Apart. Cambridge University Press, 2021. 342 p.Crist D. The Twilight War. Penguin Publishing Group, 2013. 672 p.Curtis G., Hooglund E. Iran: a country study. Library of Congress, 2008. 402 p.Fact Sheet // The White House. 2025. February 4. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-restores-maximum-pressure-on-iran/.Fathollah-Nejad A. Iran in an Emerging New World Order. Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. 490 p.Ferragamo M., Robinson K. U. S. Relations With Iran // CFR. 2026. March 2. URL: https://www.cfr.org/articles/us-relations-iran.Ghazvinian J. America and Iran. Knopf, 2021. 688 p.Heidegger M. Introduction to Metaphysics. Yale University Press, 2000. 254 p.Iran: Background and U.S. Policy // Congress.gov. URL: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47321.Iran's War With Israel and the United States // CFR. 2026. April 16. URL: https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran.Kazemzadeh M. Iran's Foreign Policy. Routledge, 2020. 130 p.Kendall-Taylor A., Fontaine R. The Axis of Upheaval // Foreign Affairs. 2024. April 23. URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/axis-upheaval-russia-iran-north-korea-taylor-fontaine.Laclau E., Mouffe C. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Verso, 2001. 240 p.Larison D. Why the US and Iran hate each other // Responsible Statecraft. 2022. May 2. Available at: https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2022/05/02/why-the-us-and-iran-hate-each-other/.Larsen F. Antagonism and Fear // HIR. 2021. June 10. URL: https://hir.harvard.edu/the-uphill-battle-towards-iranian-nuclear-disengagement/.Leverett F., Leverett H. Going to Tehran. Metropolitan Books, 2013. 496 p.Limbert J. Negotiating with Iran. United States Institute of Peace Press, 2009. 200 p.Mearsheimer J., Walt S. The Israel Lobby and U. S. Foreign Policy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008. 496 p.National Security Presidential Memorandum/NSPM-2 // The White House. 2025. February 4. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/02/national-security-presidential-memorandum-nspm-2/.National Security Strategy. The White House. December 2017.National Security Strategy. The White House. November 2025.National Security Strategy. The White House. October 2022.Pollack K. The Persian Puzzle. Random House, 2004. 576 p.President Donald J. Trump's New Strategy on Iran. 2017. October 13. URL: https://static.c-spanvideo.org/files/pressCenter/White_House_Strategy_on_Iran.pdf.Ravanchi M. The U. S. policy of maximum pressure against Iran has failed // WP. 2019. May 24. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-us-policy-of-maximum-pressure-against-iran-has-failed/ 2019/05/24/1db2f7b8-7e61-11e9-8ede-f4abf521ef17_story.html.Ravid B. Scoop // Axios. 2025. March 19. URL: https://www.axios.com/2025/03/19/trump-letter-iran-nuclear-deal.Remarks by President Trump on Iran Strategy. 2017. October 13. URL: https://trumpwhitehouse.arc-hives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-iran-strategy/.Rubin M. Why the New \"NIAC Action\" Iran Lobby Will Fail // Commentary. 2015. July 2. URL: https://www.commentary.org/michael-rubin/iran-lobby/.Schmitt C. The Concept of the Political. The University of Chicago Press, 2007. 126 p.Schneider Malamud J. The Iran Enablers // EMET. 2024. August 26. URL: https://emetonline.org/resource/the-iran-enablers-tehrans-network-in-america/.Shahrooz K. In all but Name // Hoover Institution. 2023. December 5. URL: https://www.hoover.org/research/all-name-iranian-regimes-de-facto-lobby-west.Simon S. Grand Delusion. Penguin Press, 2023. 496 p.Simpson K. U. S. Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. 202 p.Smith L. Meet the Iran Lobby // Hudson Institute. 2015. September 1. URL: https://www.hudson.org/national-security-defense/meet-the-iran-lobby.Stern M. The Mullahs' Minions // MEF. 2022. April 29. URL: https://www.meforum.org/the-mullahs-minions-exposing-the-iran-lobby-in.Tirman J., Maleki A. U.S.-Iran Misperceptions. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. 176 p.Vatanka A. The Battle of the Ayatollahs in Iran. I. B. Tauris, 2021. 264 p.V Irane posle pobedy Trampa zayavili o fronte zla i prirode Satany [After Trump's Victory, Iran Spoke of a Front of Evil and the Nature of Satan] // RBK – RBC. 2024. November 14. Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/politics/14/11/2024/6735efb09a7947cbc2319aa2.Abdolmohammadi P., Cama G. Contemporary Domestic and Foreign Policies of Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. 268 p.Abrahamian E. A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge University Press, 2018. 268 p.Amanat A. Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press, 2017. 1008 p.An Act // Congress.gov. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/118/bills/hr815/BILLS-118hr815enr.pdf.Avery P., Hambly G., Melville C. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, 2008. 1096 p.Axworthy M. A History of Iran. Basic Books, 2016. 384 p.Azizi H. Iran's Evolving Foreign Policy Structure // MECGA. 2024. June 5. Available at: https://meco-uncil.org/publication/irans-evolving-foreign-policy-structure-implications-on-foreign-relations/.Banai H., Byrne M., Tirman J. Republics of Myth. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2022. 432 p.Bazoobandi S. The New Regional Order in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. 154 p.Beeman W. The Great Satan vs. the Mad Mullahs. University of Chicago Press, 2008. 320 p.Bob Y., Evyatar I. Target Tehran. Simon & Schuster, 2023. 368 p.Burns W., Sullivan J. It's Time to Talk to Iran // NYT. 2019. October 14. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/opinion/iran-nuclear-deal.html.Byrne M., Byrne K. Worlds Apart. Cambridge University Press, 2021. 342 p.Crist D. The Twilight War. Penguin Publishing Group, 2013. 672 p.Curtis G., Hooglund E. Iran: A Country Study. Library of Congress, 2008. 402 p.Fact Sheet // The White House. 2025. February 4. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-restores-maximum-pressure-on-iran/.Fathollah-Nejad A. Iran in an Emerging New World Order. Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. 490 p.Ferragamo M., Robinson K. U. S. Relations with Iran // CFR. 2026. March 2. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/articles/us-relations-iran.Ghazvinian J. America and Iran. Knopf, 2021. 688 p.Heidegger M. Introduction to Metaphysics. Yale University Press, 2000. 254 p.Iran: Background and U. S. Policy // Congress.gov. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47321.Iran's War with Israel and the United States // CFR. 2026. April 16. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran.Kazemzadeh M. Iran's Foreign Policy. Routledge, 2020. 130 p.Kendall-Taylor A., Fontaine R. The Axis of Upheaval // Foreign Affairs. 2024. April 23. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/axis-upheaval-russia-iran-north-korea-taylor-fontaine.Laclau E., Mouffe C. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Verso, 2001. 240 p.Larison D. Why the US and Iran Hate Each Other // Responsible Statecraft. 2022. May 2. Available at: https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2022/05/02/why-the-us-and-iran-hate-each-other/.Larsen F. Antagonism and Fear // HIR. 2021. June 10. Available at: https://hir.harvard.edu/the-uphill-battle-towards-iranian-nuclear-disengagement/.Leverett F., Leverett H. Going to Tehran. Metropolitan Books, 2013. 496 p.Limbert J. Negotiating with Iran. United States Institute of Peace Press, 2009. 200 p.Mearsheimer J., Walt S. The Israel Lobby and U. S. Foreign Policy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008. 496 p.National Security Presidential Memorandum/NSPM-2 // The White House. 2025. February 4. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/02/national-security-presidential-memorandum-nspm-2/.National Security Strategy. The White House. December 2017.National Security Strategy. The White House. November 2025.National Security Strategy. The White House. October 2022.Pollack K. The Persian Puzzle. Random House, 2004. 576 p.President Donald J. Trump's New Strategy on Iran. 2017. October 13. Available at: https://static.c-spanvideo.org/files/pressCenter/White_House_Strategy_on_Iran.pdf.Ravanchi M. The U. S. Policy of Maximum Pressure against Iran Has Failed // WP. 2019. May 24. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-us-policy-of-maximum-pressure-against-iran-has-failed/2019/05/24/1db2f7b8-7e61-11e9-8ede-f4abf521ef17_story.html.Ravid B. Scoop // Axios. 2025. March 19. Available at: https://www.axios.com/2025/03/19/trump-letter-iran-nuclear-deal.Remarks by President Trump on Iran Strategy. 2017. October 13. Available at: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-iran-strategy/.Rubin M. Why the New "NIAC Action" Iran Lobby Will Fail // Commentary. 2015. July 2. Available at: https://www.commentary.org/michael-rubin/iran-lobby/.Schmitt C. The Concept of the Political. The University of Chicago Press, 2007. 126 p.Schneider Malamud J. The Iran Enablers // EMET. 2024. August 26. Available at: https://emetonline.org/resource/the-iran-enablers-tehrans-network-in-america/.Shahrooz K. In All but Name // Hoover Institution. 2023. December 5. Available at: https://www.hoover.org/research/all-name-iranian-regimes-de-facto-lobby-west.Simon S. Grand Delusion. Penguin Press, 2023. 496 p.Simpson K. U. S. Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. 202 p.Smith L. Meet the Iran Lobby // Hudson Institute. 2015. September 1. Available at: https://www.hudson.org/national-security-defense/meet-the-iran-lobby.Stern M. The Mullahs' Minions // MEF. 2022. April 29. Available at: https://www.meforum.org/the-mullahs-minions-exposing-the-iran-lobby-in.Tirman J., Maleki A. U.S.-Iran Misperceptions. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. 176 p.Vatanka A. The Battle of the Ayatollahs in Iran. I. B. Tauris, 2021. 264 p.